Теория (греч. θεωρία) — то, что люди предпочитают оставлять без внимания. Правила, инструкции, условия договора — все это навевает скуку. Хочется сразу ворваться в бой, а разобраться можно уже по ходу дела.
К сожалению, в грамматике английского это так не работает. Если представить все слова как кусочки мозаики, грамматические правила будут клеем, который держит их вместе и дает вам понять, что изображено на этой мозаике.
Основа основ — грамматические времена английского. Этому учат все курсы английского языка. По большому счету их, как и в русском или украинском, всего 3: прошедшее, настоящее, будущее. Но это грубое обобщение, ведь у каждого из этих грамматических времен есть вариации: простое, длительное, совершенное, совершенное-длительное. Соответственно, чтобы понимать, как работать с тем или иным временем, в первую очередь нужно понимать, в каких случаях оно используется и как строится.
В этой статье мы собрали досье на грамматические времена английского языка: простые, сложные, популярные. В общих чертах мы рассказали, где и когда употребляется время, какая его конструкция, а чтобы вам было легче запомнить, подкрепили примерами. Все как доктор прописал 🙂
Поехали!
Досье. Простые времена
Группа: Simple
Задача простых времен — сообщить информацию, не вдаваясь в детали. Это обычные действия, характеристики и рутинные задачи.
Имя: Present Simple
Ключевые слова и фразы: often, rarely, always, never, usually, every hour/day/week/month/year, sometimes
Характер: мягкий
Present Simple — время, с которого подавляющее большинство начинает изучение английского. Его структура — предельно понятная, без хоровода вспомогательных глаголов и всего с одним окончанием для «он, она, оно». Однако случаев использования Present Simple — масса:
- обозначение рутинных действий: I work every day. He eats 4 times a day.
- описание рода деятельности: I write articles. He edits photos.
- привычки и хобби: I like reading. He smokes.
- личные характеристики и навыки: I speak German. He drives a car. They play basketball very well.
- спортивные комментарии: Joe steals the ball and passes it.
- описание природных явлений: It rains in autumn.
- расписания и графики: The train arrives at 5 am. The shopping mall opens at 10 am.
- внутренние состояния: I feel bad about it. He wants to go away.
I | Verb | I like the sun |
You | Verb | You like the sun |
He | Verb + s | He likes the sun |
She | Verb + s | She likes the sun |
It | Verb + s | It likes the sun |
We | Verb | We like the sun |
You | Verb | You like the sun |
They | Verb | They like the sun |
Do | Subject + Verb? | Do I like the sun? |
Do | Subject + Verb? | Do you like the sun? |
Does | Subject + Verb? | Does he like the sun? |
Does | Subject + Verb? | Does she like the sun? |
Does | Subject + Verb? | Does it like the sun? |
Do | Subject + Verb? | Do we like the sun? |
Do | Subject + Verb? | Do you like the sun? |
Do | Subject + Verb? | Do they like the sun? |
I | don’t + Verb | I don’t like the sun |
You | don’t + Verb | You don’t like the sun |
He | doesn’t + Verb | He doesn’t like the sun |
She | doesn’t + Verb | She doesn’t like the sun |
It | doesn’t + Verb | It doesn’t like the sun |
We | don’t + Verb | We don’t like the sun |
You | don’t + Verb | You don’t like the sun |
They | don’t + Verb | They don’t like the sun |
Имя: Past Simple
Ключевые слова и фразы: last week/month/year, yesterday, in 2009, 5 years ago
Характер: мягкий, временами строптивый
Мы используем Past Simple, когда говорим о давно минувших днях и давно закончившихся действиях. Эти действия уже сыграли свое: оставили след в истории, завершились и больше никак не влияют на то, что происходит в реальном времени. Так, Past Simple будет использоваться для:
- единичных действий в прошлом: I entered the university in 2011.
- рутины, которая осталась в прошлом и никак себя не проявляет в настоящем: He smoked when he was a teenager, but now he doesn’t.
I | Verb + ed | I liked the sun |
You | Verb + ed | You liked the sun |
He | Verb + ed | He liked the sun |
She | Verb + ed | She liked the sun |
It | Verb + ed | It liked the sun |
We | Verb + ed | We liked the sun |
You | Verb + ed | You liked the sun |
They | Verb + ed | They liked the sun |
Did | Subject + Verb? | Did I like the sun? |
Did | Subject + Verb? | Did you like the sun? |
Did | Subject + Verb? | Did he like the sun? |
Did | Subject + Verb? | Did she like the sun? |
Did | Subject + Verb? | Did it like the sun? |
Did | Subject + Verb? | Did we like the sun? |
Did | Subject + Verb? | Did you like the sun? |
Did | Subject + Verb? | Did they like the sun? |
I | didn’t + Verb | I didn’t like the sun |
You | didn’t + Verb | You didn’t like the sun |
He | didn’t + Verb | He didn’t like the sun |
She | didn’t + Verb | She didn’t like the sun |
It | didn’t + Verb | It didn’t like the sun |
We | didn’t + Verb | We didn’t like the sun |
You | didn’t + Verb | You didn’t like the sun |
They | didn’t + Verb | They didn’t like the sun |
Имя: Future Simple
Ключевые слова и фразы: next hour/day/week/month/year, in 5 years, soon, tomorrow, next spring, 2 years later
Характер: мягкий, покладистый
Future Simple — гость из будущего. Но и тут есть свои нюансы. Это время используется для:
- повторяющегося действия в будущем: I will see Kate twice when I go to LA.
- спонтанных решений: It’s hot here, I will take my coat off.
- предсказаний, которые основываются только на нашей интуиции и домыслах: I think their team will win.
- одиночного действия в будущем: I will talk to him about this project.
- ряда последовательных действий в будущем: First I will take a coffee and then I will read a magazine.
I | will + Verb | I will like the sun |
You | will + Verb | You will like the sun |
He | will + Verb | He will like the sun |
She | will + Verb | She will like the sun |
It | will + Verb | It will like the sun |
We | will + Verb | We will like the sun |
You | will + Verb | You will like the sun |
They | will + Verb | They will like the sun |
Will | Subject + Verb? | Will I like the sun? |
Will | Subject + Verb? | Will you like the sun? |
Will | Subject + Verb? | Will he like the sun? |
Will | Subject + Verb? | Will she like the sun? |
Will | Subject + Verb? | Will it like the sun? |
Will | Subject + Verb? | Will we like the sun? |
Will | Subject + Verb? | Will you like the sun? |
Will | Subject + Verb? | Will they like the sun? |
I | won’t + Verb | I won’t like the sun |
You | won’t + Verb | You won’t like the sun |
He | won’t + Verb | He won’t like the sun |
She | won’t + Verb | She won’t like the sun |
It | won’t + Verb | It won’t like the sun |
We | won’t + Verb | We won’t like the sun |
You | won’t + Verb | You won’t like the sun |
They | won’t + Verb | They won’t like the sun |
Досье. Сложные времена
Группа: Continuous
Длительные времена используются для обозначения действия, которое происходит прямо сейчас, происходило пару часов назад или произойдет через неделю. Главный тезис здесь — «Быть в моменте»
Имя: Present Continuous
Ключевые слова и фразы: now, at the moment, these days
Характер: двойственный
Present Continuous — любовь и ненависть тех, кто изучает английский. С одной стороны, тут все предельно ясно, но с другой…
Мы подытожили основные случаи использования времени и собрали все здесь:
- акцент на длительности процесса или периода: I’m looking for a job (я не ищу вакансии прямо сейчас, но на данный момент нахожусь в процессе поиска работы).
- выражение будущего времени: I’m meeting Joe at New York tomorrow.
- для проявления негативных эмоций: I’m always meeting Sarah at the shop — she’s so annoying!
- для описания действия, которое происходит здесь и сейчас: I’m telling you about the Present Continuous right now.
- для действия, которое растянулось в конкретном периоде. Например, вам хочется сделать акцент на том, что в период с 10 до 7 вы работаете: I’m working from 10 to 7 (т.е., вы в процессе работы в конкретный промежуток времени, вы заняты, и лучше к вам не подходить).
- два параллельных действия: I am reading and you are listening.
Чтобы упростить все, что мы описали выше, главное, что нужно запомнить об Present Continuous — это время, которое используется для обозначения процесса в данный момент (I’m talking to you now) и описания действий в будущем, которые точно произойдут (I’m leaving tomorrow at 7 pm — I’ve bought a ticket).
I | am + Verb + ing | I am drinking water |
You | are + Verb + ing | You are drinking water |
He | is + Verb + ing | He is drinking water |
She | is + Verb + ing | She is drinking water |
It | is + Verb + ing | It is drinking water |
We | are + Verb + ing | We are drinking water |
You | are + Verb + ing | You are drinking water |
They | are + Verb + ing | They are drinking water |
Am | Subject + Verb + ing? | Am I drinking water? |
Are | Subject + Verb + ing? | Are you drinking water? |
Is | Subject + Verb + ing? | Is he drinking water? |
Is | Subject + Verb + ing? | Is she drinking water? |
Is | Subject + Verb + ing? | Is it drinking water? |
Are | Subject + Verb + ing? | Are we drinking water? |
Are | Subject + Verb + ing? | Are you drinking water? |
Are | Subject + Verb + ing? | Are they drinking water? |
I | am not + Verb + ing | I am not drinking water |
You | aren’t + Verb + ing | You aren’t drinking water |
He | isn’t + Verb + ing | He isn’t drinking water |
She | isn’t + Verb + ing | She isn’t drinking water |
It | isn’t + Verb + ing | It isn’t drinking water |
We | aren’t + Verb + ing | We aren’t drinking water |
You | aren’t + Verb + ing | You aren’t drinking water |
They | aren’t + Verb + ing | They aren’t drinking water |
Имя: Past Continuous
Ключевые слова и фразы: all day long, at this time yesterday, from 3 till 5
Характер: покладистый
Лейтмотив Past Continuous: действие длилось в какой-то момент времени в прошлом.
Время используется для:
- обозначения двух параллельных действий в прошлом: I was doing washing up while my sister was cleaning the window.
- описания продолжительного действия, особенно если оно прерывается другим действием в прошлом: I was reading when somebody knocked on the door.
- обозначения действия, которое происходило в конкретный момент в прошлом: I was presenting my project at 5 pm yesterday.
I | was + Verb + ing | I was drinking water |
You | were + Verb + ing | You were drinking water |
He | was + Verb + ing | He was drinking water |
She | was + Verb + ing | She was drinking water |
It | was + Verb + ing | It was drinking water |
We | were + Verb + ing | We were drinking water |
You | were + Verb + ing | You were drinking water |
They | were + Verb + ing | They were drinking water |
Was | Subject + Verb + ing? | Was I drinking water? |
Were | Subject + Verb + ing? | Were you drinking water? |
Was | Subject + Verb + ing? | Was he drinking water? |
Was | Subject + Verb + ing? | Was she drinking water? |
Was | Subject + Verb + ing? | Was it drinking water? |
Were | Subject + Verb + ing? | Were we drinking water? |
Were | Subject + Verb + ing? | Were you drinking water? |
Were | Subject + Verb + ing? | Were they drinking water? |
I | wasn’t + Verb + ing | I wasn’t drinking water |
You | weren’t + Verb + ing | You weren’t drinking water |
He | wasn’t + Verb + ing | He wasn’t drinking water |
She | wasn’t + Verb + ing | She wasn’t drinking water |
It | wasn’t + Verb + ing | It wasn’t drinking water |
We | weren’t + Verb + ing | We weren’t drinking water |
You | weren’t + Verb + ing | You weren’t drinking water |
They | weren’t + Verb + ing | They weren’t drinking water |
Имя: Future Continuous
Ключевые слова и фразы: at this time tomorrow, in 2 hours, at 5 pm tomorrow
Характер: мягкий
Future Continuous работает по тому же принципу, что и Past — только в случае с будущим периодом времени. Используется для:
- обозначения длительности действия в конкретный момент в будущем: This time tomorrow I will be flying to Tokyo.
- описания продолжительного действия, которое прерывается другим действием в будущем: When he comes home, I will be sleeping.
- обозначения действия, которое будет происходить в конкретный момент в будущем: I will be presenting the project at noon on Friday.
- для обозначения параллельных действий в будущем: At the weekend, I will be cleaning the flat and my sister will be cooking dinner.
I | will be + Verb + ing | I will be drinking water |
You | will be + Verb + ing | You will be drinking water |
He | will be + Verb + ing | He will be drinking water |
She | will be + Verb + ing | She will be drinking water |
It | will be + Verb + ing | It will be drinking water |
We | will be + Verb + ing | We will be drinking water |
You | will be + Verb + ing | You will be drinking water |
They | will be + Verb + ing | They will be drinking water |
Will | Subject + be + ing? | Will I be drinking water? |
Will | Subject + be + ing? | Will you be drinking water? |
Will | Subject + be + ing? | Will he be drinking water? |
Will | Subject + be + ing? | Will she be drinking water? |
Will | Subject + be + ing? | Will it be drinking water? |
Will | Subject + be + ing? | Will we be drinking water? |
Will | Subject + be + ing? | Will you be drinking water? |
Will | Subject + be + ing? | Will they be drinking water? |
I | won’t + be + ing | I won’t be drinking water |
You | won’t + be + ing | You won’t be drinking water |
He | won’t + be + ing | He won’t be drinking water |
She | won’t + be + ing | She won’t be drinking water |
It | won’t + be + ing | It won’t be drinking water |
We | won’t + be + ing | We won’t be drinking water |
You | won’t + be + ing | You won’t be drinking water |
They | won’t + be + ing | They won’t be drinking water |
Группа: Perfect
Совершенные времена указывают нам на то, что действие закончилось к определенному моменту, и сейчас мы можем оценить результат этого действия.
Имя: Present Perfect
Ключевые слова и фразы: yet, already, ever, never, just, since, for
Характер: скверный
Для многих Present Perfect мало чем отличается от Past Simple, но их различия достойны отдельной статьи. Мы же ограничимся перечислением, когда стоит использовать это время:
- чтобы поделиться опытом: I have been to Berlin. Ivan has written a book. Julia has tried Spanish food.
- чтобы показать, что действие завершилось, и сейчас мы можем оценить результат: I have written the letter — it’s on the table.
- чтобы показать, что действие началось в прошлом и все еще не завершилось: I have lived in this flat for 3 years. (Я прожила в этой квартире 3 года и все еще продолжаю тут жить).
I | have + Verb + ed | I have watched the sun |
You | have + Verb + ed | You have watched the sun |
He | has + Verb + ed | He has watched the sun |
She | has + Verb + ed | She has watched the sun |
It | has + Verb + ed | It has watched the sun |
We | have + Verb + ed | We have watched the sun |
You | have + Verb + ed | You have watched the sun |
They | have + Verb + ed | They have watched the sun |
Have | Subject + Verb + ed? | Have I watched the sun? |
Have | Subject + Verb + ed? | Have you watched the sun? |
Has | Subject + Verb + ed? | Has he watched the sun? |
Has | Subject + Verb + ed? | Has she watched the sun? |
Has | Subject + Verb + ed? | Has it watched the sun? |
Have | Subject + Verb + ed? | Have we watched the sun? |
Have | Subject + Verb + ed? | Have you watched the sun? |
Have | Subject + Verb + ed? | Have they watched the sun? |
I | haven’t + Verb + ed | I haven’t watched the sun |
You | haven’t + Verb + ed | You haven’t watched the sun |
He | hasn’t + Verb + ed | He hasn’t watched the sun |
She | hasn’t + Verb + ed | She hasn’t watched the sun |
It | hasn’t + Verb + ed | It hasn’t watched the sun |
We | haven’t + Verb + ed | We haven’t watched the sun |
You | haven’t + Verb + ed | You haven’t watched the sun |
They | haven’t + Verb + ed | They haven’t watched the sun |
Имя: Past Perfect
Ключевые слова и фразы: by, before
Характер: непростой
В случае с Past Perfect все немного проще. Мы используем это время, когда хотим показать, что действие уже закончилось до другого момента в прошлом.
Например:
- I had finished this book by 4 pm. — Я закончила читать эту книгу к 4 часам вечера.
- Sue had cooked dinner before her husband came home. — Сью приготовила ужин до того, как ее муж вернулся домой.
- We had prepared our report by last Monday. — Мы подготовили отчет к прошлому понедельнику.
I | had + Verb + ed | I had watched the sun |
You | had + Verb + ed | You had watched the sun |
He | had + Verb + ed | He had watched the sun |
She | had + Verb + ed | She had watched the sun |
It | had + Verb + ed | It had watched the sun |
We | had + Verb + ed | We had watched the sun |
You | had + Verb + ed | You had watched the sun |
They | had + Verb + ed | They had watched the sun |
Had | Subject + Verb + ed? | Had I watched the sun? |
Had | Subject + Verb + ed? | Had you watched the sun? |
Had | Subject + Verb + ed? | Had he watched the sun? |
Had | Subject + Verb + ed? | Had she watched the sun? |
Had | Subject + Verb + ed? | Had it watched the sun? |
Had | Subject + Verb + ed? | Had we watched the sun? |
Had | Subject + Verb + ed? | Had you watched the sun? |
Had | Subject + Verb + ed? | Had they watched the sun? |
I | hadn’t + Verb + ed | I hadn’t watched the sun |
You | hadn’t + Verb + ed | You hadn’t watched the sun |
He | hadn’t + Verb + ed | He hadn’t watched the sun |
She | hadn’t + Verb + ed | She hadn’t watched the sun |
It | hadn’t + Verb + ed | It hadn’t watched the sun |
We | hadn’t + Verb + ed | We hadn’t watched the sun |
You | hadn’t + Verb + ed | You hadn’t watched the sun |
They | hadn’t + Verb + ed | They hadn’t watched the sun |
Имя: Future Perfect
Ключевые слова и фразы: by, at 10 o’clock
Характер: покладистый
Future Perfect используется для того, чтобы обозначить следующие мысли:
- действие будет закончено к определенному моменту в будущем: I will have eaten my breakfast at 9 tomorrow.
- действие продлится какое-то время к определенному моменту в будущем: Next September, I will have worked here for 6 years.
I | will have + Verb + ed | I will have watched the sun |
You | will have + Verb + ed | You will have watched the sun |
He | will have + Verb + ed | He will have watched the sun |
She | will have + Verb + ed | She will have watched the sun |
It | will have + Verb + ed | It will have watched the sun |
We | will have + Verb + ed | We will have watched the sun |
You | will have + Verb + ed | You will have watched the sun |
They | will have + Verb + ed | They will have watched the sun |
Will | Subject + have + Verb + ed? | Will I have watched the sun? |
Will | Subject + have + Verb + ed? | Will you have watched the sun? |
Will | Subject + have + Verb + ed? | Will he have watched the sun? |
Will | Subject + have + Verb + ed? | Will she have watched the sun? |
Will | Subject + have + Verb + ed? | Will it have watched the sun? |
Will | Subject + have + Verb + ed? | Will we have watched the sun? |
Will | Subject + have + Verb + ed? | Will you have watched the sun? |
Will | Subject + have + Verb + ed? | Will they have watched the sun? |
I | won’t have + Verb + ed | I won’t have watched the sun |
You | won’t have + Verb + ed | You won’t have watched the sun |
He | won’t have + Verb + ed | He won’t have watched the sun |
She | won’t have + Verb + ed | She won’t have watched the sun |
It | won’t have + Verb + ed | It won’t have watched the sun |
We | won’t have + Verb + ed | We won’t have watched the sun |
You | won’t have + Verb + ed | You won’t have watched the sun |
They | won’t have + Verb + ed | They won’t have watched the sun |
Группа: Perfect Continuous
Как можно догадаться по названию, эта группа представляет собой микс совершенного и длительного времени. Логика следующая: мы представляем, что действие началось до конкретного момента и все еще продолжается. Например, автор слушает Лану дел Рей уже 5 лет и пока не собирается останавливаться: I have been listening to Lana del Rey songs for 5 years.
Имя: Present Perfect Continuous
Ключевые слова и фразы: since, for, lately, all my life
Характер: необузданный
Это время используется в тех случаях, когда вы хотите сказать, что действие началось в прошлом, еще не закончилось, и более того — вы делаете акцент на его длительности. Если вы всю жизнь переезжаете из одного города в другой и планируете это продолжать, то Present Perfect Continuous как нельзя лучше передаст эти скитания:
I have been traveling for all my life.
Это же время используется для описания длительного процесса, когда простого Continuous явно не хватает для вашего эмоционального диапазона:
I have been looking for my keys all morning — have no idea where they could be!
I | have + been + Verb + ing | I have been watching the sun |
You | have + been + Verb + ing | You have been watching the sun |
He | has + been + Verb + ing | He has been watching the sun |
She | has + been + Verb + ing | She has been watching the sun |
It | has + been + Verb + ing | It has been watching the sun |
We | have + been + Verb + ing | We have been watching the sun |
You | have + been + Verb + ing | You have been watching the sun |
They | have + been + Verb + ing | They have been watching the sun |
Have | Subject + been + Verb + ing? | Have I been watching the sun? |
Have | Subject + been + Verb + ing? | Have you been watching the sun? |
Has | Subject + been + Verb + ing? | Has he been watching the sun? |
Has | Subject + been + Verb + ing? | Has she been watching the sun? |
Has | Subject + been + Verb + ing? | Has it been watching the sun? |
Have | Subject + been + Verb + ing? | Have we been watching the sun? |
Have | Subject + been + Verb + ing? | Have you been watching the sun? |
Have | Subject + been + Verb + ing? | Have they been watching the sun? |
I | haven’t + been + Verb + ing | I haven’t been watching the sun |
You | haven’t + been + Verb + ing | You haven’t been watching the sun |
He | hasn’t + been + Verb + ing | He hasn’t been watching the sun |
She | hasn’t + been + Verb + ing | She hasn’t been watching the sun |
It | hasn’t + been + Verb + ing | It hasn’t been watching the sun |
We | haven’t + been + Verb + ing | We haven’t been watching the sun |
You | haven’t + been + Verb + ing | You haven’t been watching the sun |
They | haven’t + been + Verb + ing | They haven’t been watching the sun |
Имя: Past Perfect Continuous
Ключевые слова и фразы: before, for, until
Характер: строптивый
Принцип такой же, как мы описали выше, только теперь передвигаем место действия в прошлое:
I had been looking for my keys all morning yesterday, and then I realized they were in my pocket all this time!
We had been living in Lagos for 3 years before we moved to Warsaw.
Как можно заметить, Past Perfect Continuous передает три простые идеи:
- действие началось в далеком прошлом
- действие длилось какое-то время
- действие уже безнадежно закончилось
I | had + been + Verb + ing | I had been watching the sun |
You | had + been + Verb + ing | You had been watching the sun |
He | had + been + Verb + ing | He had been watching the sun |
She | had + been + Verb + ing | She had been watching the sun |
It | had + been + Verb + ing | It had been watching the sun |
We | had + been + Verb + ing | We had been watching the sun |
You | had + been + Verb + ing | You had been watching the sun |
They | had + been + Verb + ing | They had been watching the sun |
Had | Subject + been + Verb + ing? | Had I been watching the sun? |
Had | Subject + been + Verb + ing? | Had you been watching the sun? |
Had | Subject + been + Verb + ing? | Had he been watching the sun? |
Had | Subject + been + Verb + ing? | Had she been watching the sun? |
Had | Subject + been + Verb + ing? | Had it been watching the sun? |
Had | Subject + been + Verb + ing? | Had we been watching the sun? |
Had | Subject + been + Verb + ing? | Had you been watching the sun? |
Had | Subject + been + Verb + ing? | Had they been watching the sun? |
I | hadn’t + been + Verb + ing | I hadn’t been watching the sun |
You | hadn’t + been + Verb + ing | You hadn’t been watching the sun |
He | hadn’t + been + Verb + ing | He hadn’t been watching the sun |
She | hadn’t + been + Verb + ing | She hadn’t been watching the sun |
It | hadn’t + been + Verb + ing | It hadn’t been watching the sun |
We | hadn’t + been + Verb + ing | We hadn’t been watching the sun |
You | hadn’t + been + Verb + ing | You hadn’t been watching the sun |
They | hadn’t + been + Verb + ing | They hadn’t been watching the sun |
Имя: Future Perfect Continuous
Ключевые слова и фразы: for
Характер: самобытный
С помощью этого времени мы измеряем длительность процесса в будущем.
Например:
Kate will have been learning German for 2 years in 2022.
Получается следующая картина: Кейт начала учить немецкий в 2020 году, она все еще учит его, а к 2022 году этот процесс будет длиться уже целых 2 года.
Еще один пример:
Metallica will have been playing live concerts for 40 years in 2022.
Это значит, что группа Metallica начали выступать с концертами в 1982 году, и в 2022 отпразднуют свои юбилейные 40 лет на сцене.
Еще из хороших новостей: Future Perfect Continuous используется чуть реже чем никогда.
I | will have + been + Verb + ing | I will have been watching the sun |
You | will have + been + Verb + ing | You will have been watching the sun |
He | will have + been + Verb + ing | He will have been watching the sun |
She | will have + been + Verb + ing | She will have been watching the sun |
It | will have + been + Verb + ing | It will have been watching the sun |
We | will have + been + Verb + ing | We will have been watching the sun |
You | will have + been + Verb + ing | You will have been watching the sun |
They | will have + been + Verb + ing | They will have been watching the sun |
Will | Subject + have + been + Verb + ing? | Will I have been watching the sun? |
Will | Subject + have + been + Verb + ing? | Will you have been watching the sun? |
Will | Subject + have + been + Verb + ing? | Will he have been watching the sun? |
Will | Subject + have + been + Verb + ing? | Will she have been watching the sun? |
Will | Subject + have + been + Verb + ing? | Will it have been watching the sun? |
Will | Subject + have + been + Verb + ing? | Will we have been watching the sun? |
Will | Subject + have + been + Verb + ing? | Will you have been watching the sun? |
Will | Subject + have + been + Verb + ing? | Will they have been watching the sun? |
I | won’t have + been + Verb + ing | I won’t have been watching the sun |
You | won’t have + been + Verb + ing | You won’t have been watching the sun |
He | won’t have + been + Verb + ing | He won’t have been watching the sun |
She | won’t have + been + Verb + ing | She won’t have been watching the sun |
It | won’t have + been + Verb + ing | It won’t have been watching the sun |
We | won’t have + been + Verb + ing | We won’t have been watching the sun |
You | won’t have + been + Verb + ing | You won’t have been watching the sun |
They | won’t have + been + Verb + ing | They won’t have been watching the sun |
Популярные времена
В разговорном английском вы чаще всего услышите такие времена как Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect, Past Simple, Future Simple. Из-за этого возникает логичный вопрос: а зачем зубрить более сложные конструкции, если 3 из 5 «ходовых времен» — простые?
Во-первых, лучше вообще ничего никогда не зубрить. Старайтесь понять, для чего используется то или иное время, как оно формируется, какие вспомогательные глаголы и окончания ему присущи.
Во-вторых, чтобы точно донести свою мысль, вам будет тесно в рамках 5 времен.
Все просто.
Лайфхаки (куда ж без них 😉
Школа иностранных языков, конечно, поможет изучить английский, но в это сложное грамматическое время мы не можем оставить вас без парочки полезных советов и напутствий:
- Используйте Present Continuous для обозначения действия в будущем, которое точно, 100% состоится (ну, или по крайней мере, вы в этом уверены). Например, вы купили билеты на премьеру Бонда, в билете дата — 30.09 и время — 19:00. Значит, с уверенностью говорите: I will be watching a new James Bond movie on Thursday at 7 pm.
- Говоря о планах на будущее, отдавайте предпочтение конструкции to be going to. Например: I’m going to eat out tomorrow. И никаких will 🙂
- Future Simple отлично подходит для обозначения спонтанных, незапланированных действий. Представим, что в комнате стало душно, и вы хотите открыть окно. Вот вы и предупреждаете коллег: I will open the window, do you mind?
- Present Perfect Continuous и Present Perfect взаимозаменяемы. Нет большой разницы между I have been working here for 5 years и I have worked here for 5 years — оба предложения говорят, что в этой компании вы уже целых 5 лет и пока не планируете уходить.
- Не ограничивайтесь только временами, которые вы хорошо заучили. Использовать три коронных времени, конечно, хорошо. Но английский куда более многогранный, так почему бы не воспользоваться этим и не заставить окружающих думать, что вы в седьмом колене состоите в родстве с самим Конан Дойлем?
- Не бойтесь допустить ошибку! В конце концов, все мы падали в первый раз 😉
Вывод
Меньше слов — больше дела. Вместо традиционных выводов, мы решили собрать в одну шпаргалку все времена по смыслу.
Feel the difference.
Present Simple | У меня никогда нет времени на английский. | I never have time for English. |
Past Simple | Когда-то я учил английский, но потом бросил. | I studied English a long time ago, but then I gave up. |
Future Simple | В новом году записываюсь на курсы. | I will go on courses in the following year. |
Present Continuous | Я ищу подходящие курсы. | I’m looking for the most appropriate courses. |
Past Continuous | На прошлой неделе я много работал, голова не варит. | I was working a lot last week, and I can’t think straight. |
Future Continuous | Буду учить английский, когда найду время, силы и деньги. | I will be learning English when I have enough time, energy and money. |
Present Perfect | Пробовал учить — что-то не пошло. | I have tried to learn English, but failed. |
Past Perfect | Пересмотрел все серии Друзей в том году, но так и не смог понять английский. | I had watched all Friends episodes last year, but I couldn’t understand English at all. |
Future Perfect | В понедельник запишусь на курсы. | I will have enrolled in courses on Monday. |
Present Perfect Continuous | Учу английский уже три года, могу представиться. | I have been learning English for 3 years, I can introduce myself. |
Past Perfect Continuous | Ходил на курсы пару месяцев, бросил, так как стало скучно. | I had been taking courses for a couple of months; I gave up though, as I felt bored. |
Future Perfect Continuous | В 2022 году будет 5 лет как я учу английский. | In 2022, I will have been learning English for 5 years. |